In my last post, I described a method whereby you can implement INotifyPropertyChanged with zero performance overhead and near-zero boilerplate code. The only boilerplate left was the delegate you had to create to invoke the event:
public Book()
{
// Boilerplate - eugh!
Action<string> notify = (propertyName) => {
var h = PropertyChanged;
if (h != null)
h(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
};
author = new ChangeNotifier<string> (() => Author, notify);
price = new ChangeNotifier<decimal> (() => Price, notify);
quantity = new ChangeNotifier<int> (() => Quantity, notify);
title = new ChangeNotifier<string> (() => Title, notify);
}
The entire point of my implementation was to avoid writing boilerplate, so this was slightly irritating. Unfortunately, there's no trivial way around the problem as the .NET framework really limits what you can do with events. The first thing you'd think of is "pass the actual object into the ChangeNotifier constructor and just raise the event that way". For example my constructors would change to:
new ChangeNotifier<string>(() => Author, this);
That's well and good, right up until you realise that it's impossible for one object to raise an event that's declared on another object.
public class A
{
public event EventHandler MyEvent;
}
public class B
{
public void AccessEvent (A a)
{
// Invalid - you can't raise an event which is declared in another class
a.MyEvent(this, EventArgs.Empty);
// Invalid - you can't copy the event either
EventHandler h = a.MyEvent;
h(this, EventArgs.Empty);
}
}
Another alternative would be to pass the event itself into the ChangeNotifier object:
new ChangeNotifier<string> (() => Author, PropertyChanged);
But this won't work because a
copy of the delegate list is created. That means if anyone adds event handlers later on, they won't be invoked when the property changes. So with that stuck firmly in my mind, I never gave much thought to removing that last remaining bit of boilerplate. That's about to change!
What I really want is for my final implementation to look more like this:
public class Book : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
ChangeNotifier<string> author;
public string Author
{
get { return author.Value; }
set { author.Value = value; }
}
public Book()
{
author = ChangeNotifier.Create(() => Author, ????);
}
}
That's short and sweet . The generic types should be automatically inferred, you shouldn't have to create the delegate to raise the event, it's beautiful! The only problem is to figure out what I should replace the question marks with. I need something that will allow me to get at the current list of event handlers from outside of the Book object, i.e. something along the lines of this:
Func<PropertyChangedEventHandler> getter = delegate { return PropertyChanged; };
Prettying it up a little, this is how my Book class looks:
public class Book : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
ChangeNotifier<string> author;
public string Author {
get { return author.Value; }
set { author.Value = value; }
}
public Book()
{
author = ChangeNotifier.Create (() => Author, () => PropertyChanged);
}
}
Beautiful! The more astute readers might notice a problem at this stage. Fine, the ChangeNotifier object can get the event list and raise the event, but it can't fill in the 'sender' - it has no reference to the 'book' object! Have no fear, it's already taken care of! The getter delegate has a reference to the book object (Delegate.Target), so we can fill everything in perfectly! The final implementation of the ChangeNotifier class is this:
public static class ChangeNotifier
{
public static ChangeNotifier<TValue> Create<TValue>(Expression<Func<TValue>> expression, Func<PropertyChangedEventHandler> notifier)
{
return new ChangeNotifier<TValue>(expression, notifier);
}
}
public class ChangeNotifier<TValue>
{
Func<PropertyChangedEventHandler> notifier;
string propertyName;
TValue value;
public TValue Value {
get { return value; }
set {
if (!EqualityComparer<TValue>.Default.Equals(this.value, value)) {
this.value = value;
// Get the current list of registered event handlers
// then invoke them with the correct 'sender' and event args
PropertyChangedEventHandler h = notifier();
if (h != null)
h(notifier.Target, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
}
}
}
public ChangeNotifier(Expression<Func<TValue>> expression, Func<PropertyChangedEventHandler> notifier)
{
if (expression.NodeType != ExpressionType.Lambda)
throw new ArgumentException("Value must be a lamda expression", "expression");
if (!(expression.Body is MemberExpression))
throw new ArgumentException("The body of the expression must be a memberref", "expression");
MemberExpression m = (MemberExpression)expression.Body;
this.notifier = notifier;
this.propertyName = m.Member.Name;
}
}
I have one final trick up my sleeve. Suppose you have a field (Progress) whose value is calculated based on other values (CurrentStep, TotalSteps) and you want to get Notifications whenever any of those fields changes, well, that's easy!
public class Worker : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
ChangeNotifier<int> currentStep;
ChangeNotifier<int> totalSteps;
public int CurrentStep {
get { return currentStep.Value; }
set { currentStep.Value = value; }
}
public int TotalSteps {
get { return totalSteps.Value; }
set { totalSteps.Value = value; }
}
public double Progress
{
get { return (double)CurrentStep / TotalSteps; }
}
public Worker()
{
Func<PropertyChangedEventHandler> notifier = () => PropertyChanged;
currentStep = ChangeNotifier.Create(() => CurrentStep, notifier);
totalSteps = ChangeNotifier.Create(() => TotalSteps, notifier);
// A PropertyChanged notification will be created for Progress every time
// either the CurrentStep *or* TotalSteps changes.
ChangeNotifier.CreateDependent(
() => Progress,
notifier,
() => CurrentStep,
() => TotalSteps
);
}
}
And the new helper methods are:
public static class ChangeNotifier
{
static string GetPropertyName(Expression expression)
{
while (!(expression is MemberExpression)) {
if (expression is LambdaExpression)
expression = ((LambdaExpression)expression).Body;
else if (expression is UnaryExpression)
expression = ((UnaryExpression)expression).Operand;
}
return ((MemberExpression)expression).Member.Name;
}
public static void CreateDependent<TValue>(Expression<Func<TValue>> property, Func<PropertyChangedEventHandler> notifier, params Expression<Func<object>>[] dependents)
{
// The name of the property which is dependent on the value of other properties
var name = GetPropertyName(property);
// The names of the other properties
var dependentNames = dependents.Select<Expression, string>(GetPropertyName).ToArray();
INotifyPropertyChanged sender = (INotifyPropertyChanged)notifier.Target;
sender.PropertyChanged += (o, e) => {
// If one of our dependents changes, emit a PropertyChanged notification for our property
if (dependentNames.Contains(e.PropertyName)) {
var h = notifier();
if (h != null)
h(o, new PropertyChangedEventArgs (name));
}
};
}
public static ChangeNotifier<TValue> Create<TValue>(Expression<Func<TValue>> expression, Func<PropertyChangedEventHandler> notifier)
{
return new ChangeNotifier<TValue>(expression, notifier);
}
}
The only change is that I need to use a slightly more complicated method of getting the property name as it's possible for certain types to get wrapped in a ConvertExpression.
